Effect of dietary habit and physical activity on overnutrition of schoolgoing adolescents: A longitudinal assessment in a rural block of West Bengal

Background: Overweight among adolescents has high prevalence on the eastern part of India, especially West Bengal. Objectives: The current study was conducted to estimate and compare the effects of different dietary habits and habits related to physical activity in the development of overweight and obesity among rural schoolgoing adolescents. Methods: A prospective repeated measures study was conducted on 645 schoolgoing adolescents from selected rural government-aided schools from June 2017 to December 2017. Dietary habits of the students and physical activity-related factors were the major predictors. Adjusting for the age and sex of the participants, effect of these factors on the development of overweight and obesity was analyzed by generalized estimating equations for 2 repeated measures, taken 6 months apart. Results: Most of the respondents were aged ?16 years (56.90%), female (52.87%), Hindu (76.74%), from a nuclear family (76.74%), and studying in the secondary level (57.68%). There was a stark rise in proportion of overweight from 0.93% to 7.44%. The prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits was 68.99% at the baseline, and 66.82% on follow-up. The overall prevalence of inadequate physical activity increased to 48.68% from 47.91%. Female gender and older age group were at higher risk of being overweight or obesity. Overall fast food showed highest risk (3.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86–4.95), while among the boys, it was with less vegetable consumption (4.64, 95% CI: 1.84–11.69). Conclusions: Strong evidence was generated of dietary practices being more rigidly related to overweight among the adolescents. Healthy dietary practices coupled with physical activity should be promoted to mitigate the risk of obesity.

Syndromic approach for determination of reproductive tract infections among adolescent girls.

The present study shows overall prevalence (64%) of reproductive tract infection among adolescent girls, based on self-perceived symptoms. Mean age of respondents were found to be 17.8 +/- 0.82 years and mean age at marriage and mean age at first pregnancy were 17.2 years and 17.5 years respectively; 35.35% of girls in the present study were married. In addition, no significant difference was observed between unmarried (60.10%) and married (71.17%) reproductive tract infection groups. Moreover, no significant association was present in prevalence of reproductive tract infection between the Muslim (67%) and the Hindu (60%). Highest prevalence (84.06%) of reproductive tract infection was observed among illiterate girls and with improvement of educational status there was decrease in the prevalence and the association was found highly significant. Significantly, higher prevalence (72%) was observed among members of family size 7 and above.

Orthostatic tremor: report of a case and review of the literature.

Orthostatic tremor is a rare movement disorder characterized by tremulousness of the lower limbs on standing that disappears on walking, sitting or on lying down and a distinctive electromyographic burst of 14 to 16 Hz. On inspection, fine ripples can sometimes be seen over the quadriceps on standing. The tremor has a tendency to reappear even in the supine posture if the lower limb muscles are put to an isometric contraction state, indicating thereby that in spite of the fact that the tremor occurs on standing, it is essentially 'orthostasis independent' and the central factor is the contraction of the muscles. As a matter of fact, the tremor is abolished if the subject is suspended by harness, thus relieving him of muscle contraction. Doubts are being cast whether it is a variant of essential tremor since a number of families are being reported to be suffering from this disease as well. Positron emission tomography reveals hyperactivity of cerebellum in orthostatic tremor as it shows in essential tremor, therefore lending credence to such a hypothesis. However, lack of response to alcohol, propranolol and primidone in orthostatic tremor stands out as a serious challenge to such a view. Lack of positive family history, synchrony of contracting group of muscles and negative 'resetting' of the tremor by increasing peripheral load-phenomena consistently observed in orthostatic tremor and not in essential tremor, are other features that often help to distinguish between the two conditions. We report a case of orthostatic tremor that presented with the classical clinical and electromyographic features. Relevant literature in this regard is also being reviewed.

Sporadic paroxysmal exercise induced dystonia: report of a case and review of the literature.

Sporadic paroxysmal exercise induced dystonia (PEID) is a rare condition. So far only fifteen cases have been reported in the world literature. It is characterised by dystonic posture on prolonged exercise, which gets relieved with rest. In general, these are refractory to medical treatment. We report one such case, along with review of the literature. The lower limbs were spared and only right shoulder was tucked up with the head turning to right side. The duration of exercise necessary to bring out the dystonic posture gradually diminished with time, a feature not reported previously.

Cell mediated immune status in malignancy--pretherapy and post-therapy assessment.

Twenty-eight cases of malignancies of different kinds were studied to assess T-cell activity and population before and after institution of therapy. Fifteen cases were diagnosed as non-metastasising squamous cell carcinoma of larynx, pharynx, laryngopharynx, hypopharynx and tonsils. Seven cases were non-metastasising infiltrating duct carcinoma of breast and 6 cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It was observed that 3 out of 15 cases (20%) of squamous cell carcinoma cases were Mantoux test (MT) negative with a T-cell population of less than 40%, 2 out of 7 cases (28.6%) of infiltrating duct carcinoma of breast were MT negative with a T-cell population of less than 40% and 3 out of 6 cases (50%) of NHL were MT negative with a T-cell population of less than 40%. The normal controls, consisting of apparently normal healthy adults, had a T-cell population of more than 40% and were all MT positive. The patients who showed a negative skin test and a T-cell population less than 40% were further subjected to assessment of T-cell population and activity after appropriate therapy, and clinical cure of the disease. It was observed that 2 out of 3 cases (66.66%) of squamous cell carcinomas, 2 out of 2 cases (100%) of adenocarcinomas and one out of 3 cases (33.33%) of NHL showed positive conversion with a T-cell population of more than 40%.

Profile of electrocardiographic changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Cardiac changes often culminating in cardiac failure are at times a dramatic cause of death in patients of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These changes are probably invariable in such cases though they may escape detection in early stages by clinical examination or radiological investigation. Electrocardiography serves as a sensitive, non-invasive and inexpensive tool to detect these changes. Fifty-four cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied clinically and were confirmed by biochemical and electroneuromyographic studies. They were then subjected to electrocardiographic studies. A number of electrocardiographic changes were observed, like tachycardia in 77.77%, deep Q in leads I, aVL, V6 in 53.70%, prolonged VAT in 37.03%, deep Q in leads II, III, aVF in 29.62% and prolonged Q-Tc interval in 25.92% cases. Some of these were distinctive enough to warrant attention for cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.